Issues
TOP READS
IMMUNOLOGY NOTES AND RESOURCES
Overcoming Waning Immunity in Pertussis Vaccines: Workshop of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
BRIEF REVIEWS
A Case for Targeting Th17 Cells and IL-17A in SARS-CoV-2 Infections
CUTTING EDGE
Cutting Edge: Batf3 Expression by CD8 T Cells Critically Regulates the Development of Memory Populations
Batf3 expression by CD8 T cells critically regulates memory T cell development.
Batf3−/− CD8 T cells undergo increased apoptosis during contraction.
Batf3−/− CD8 T cells have an impaired recall ability but remain functional.
ALLERGY AND OTHER HYPERSENSITIVITIES
NRF2 Augments Epidermal Antioxidant Defenses and Promotes Atopy
NRF2 promotes keratinization and replenishes epidermal thiol gradient.
NRF2-dependent antioxidative response directs allergic contact dermatitis.
NRF2 may provide critical direction to the early phases of atopic disorders.
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND RESPONSES
A Potently Neutralizing Antibody Protects Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Generation and screening of anti–SARS-CoV-2 RBD mAbs reveal a potently protective Ab.
mAb 2B04 potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
mAb 2B04 protects mice from morbidity in a murine model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Human Hepatitis B Viral Infection Outcomes Are Linked to Naturally Occurring Variants of HLA-DOA That Have Altered Function
Three of the four HLA-DOA common alleles have differential impact on DM function.
Fifty-two percent of all DOA variants tested displayed altered function.
Two DOA variants were genetically linked to the outcome of hepatitis B infection.
Lack of Evidence for a Substantial Rate of Templated Mutagenesis in B Cell Diversification
A recent study proposes a new process as the dominant mechanism of human/mouse SHM.
We re-examine these results by estimating the false positive rates of their approach.
We find no evidence that templated mutagenesis is a major contributor to SHM.
AUTOIMMUNITY
The Role of Autoimmunity-Related Gene CLEC16A in the B Cell Receptor–Mediated HLA Class II Pathway
CLEC16A correlates to surface CLIP expression in human B-LCLs and primary B cells.
CLEC16A knockdown impairs BCR-mediated uptake of Ag into MIICs.
CLIP is abundant and not coregulated with CLEC16A in blood B cells of MS patients.
Metformin and 2-Deoxyglucose Collaboratively Suppress Human CD4+ T Cell Effector Functions and Activation-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming
Metformin + 2-DG represses human CD4+ T cell IFN-γ production and cell proliferation.
Metformin + 2-DG inhibits human CD4+ T cell Gln uptake and metabolic reprogramming.
Metformin + 2-DG reduces MYC and HIF-1A expression in human CD4+ T cells.
Osteal Tissue Macrophages Are Involved in Endplate Osteosclerosis through the OSM-STAT3/YAP1 Signaling Axis in Modic Changes
Osteomacs are associated with endplate osteosclerosis in MCs.
Osteomacs can regulate osteogenesis through the OSM-STAT3/YAP1 signaling axis.
OSM blockade prevents endplate osteosclerosis in MCs.
IMMUNE REGULATION
Tob2 Inhibits TLR-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Association with TRAF6 and MyD88
Tob2 inhibits TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression.
Tob2 negatively regulates TLR4-induced NF-κB and MAPK activation.
Tob2 interacts with TRAF6 and MyD88 and inhibits signaling from them.
Long Noncoding RNA AW112010 Promotes the Differentiation of Inflammatory T Cells by Suppressing IL-10 Expression through Histone Demethylation
lncRNA AW112010 expression is increased in proinflammatory T cells.
AW112010 associates with histone demethylase KDM5A.
AW112010 suppresses IL-10 expression through histone demethylation.
Zebrafish IL-4–like Cytokines and IL-10 Suppress Inflammation but Only IL-10 Is Essential for Gill Homeostasis
Zebrafish IL-4–like cytokines promote type 2 and suppress type 1 immunity.
Zebrafish IL-10 is potently anti-inflammatory and essential for gill homeostasis.
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Von Hippel–Lindau Protein Promotes Th17 Differentiation
Mice lacking VHL in their T cells are resistant to EAE.
VHL-deficient CD4 T cells have reduced capacity for Th17 differentiation.
VHL-deficient Th17 cells have altered cellular metabolism.
Myeloid Cell–Intrinsic IRF5 Promotes T Cell Responses through Multiple Distinct Checkpoints In Vivo, and IRF5 Immune-Mediated Disease Risk Variants Modulate These Myeloid Cell Functions
Myeloid cell–intrinsic IRF5 regulates chemokine-dependent T cell migration.
Myeloid cell IRF5 regulates key checkpoints in T cell activation/differentiation.
IRF5 risk variants modulate myeloid cell–dependent T cell–conditioning outcomes.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND HOST RESPONSE
Activation of Human Vδ2+ γδ T Cells by Staphylococcus aureus Promotes Enhanced Anti-Staphylococcal Adaptive Immunity
S. aureus–infected DCs induce Vδ2+ cell IFN-γ secretion via cell contact and IL-12.
Vδ2+ IFN-γ secretion promotes reciprocal enhancement of DC activation.
Coculturing infected DCs with γδ T cells enhances CD4+ cell responses to S. aureus.
CD11c+ T-bet+ B Cells Require IL-21 and IFN-γ from Type 1 T Follicular Helper Cells and Intrinsic Bcl-6 Expression but Develop Normally in the Absence of T-bet
Developing CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells require TFH1 cells that produce both IFN-γ and IL-21.
Obligate IFN-γ and CD40L signals are provided at distinct times following infection.
CD11c+ B cells lacking T-bet undergo normal differentiation but improper switching.
KLRG1+ Memory CD8 T Cells Combine Properties of Short-Lived Effectors and Long-Lived Memory
LLEC exhibit transcriptional characteristics common to effector and memory T cells.
LLEC undergo homeostatic proliferation but do not critically depend on IL-15.
LLEC are predominantly derived from KLRG1hi effector cells at 12 d postinfection.
INNATE IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION
Alternative Activation of Macrophages Is Accompanied by Chromatin Remodeling Associated with Lineage-Dependent DNA Shape Features Flanking PU.1 Motifs
Macrophages of different cellular origins remodel chromatin differently.
DNA shape features flanking PU.1 motifs may regulate chromatin remodeling.
Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Must Partner with the Myeloid–Macrophage Lineage for Long-Term Postviral Lung Disease
ILC2s are activated even after injury from respiratory viral infection is resolved.
ILC2s contribute to a chronic type 2 immune response after viral infection.
ILC2s depend on myeloid–macrophage lineage cells to drive postviral disease.
C5aR2 Activation Broadly Modulates the Signaling and Function of Primary Human Macrophages
C5aR2 agonism dampens C5aR1-, C3aR-, and CMKLR1-mediated ERK signaling in macrophages.
C5aR2 agonism modulates C5aR1-, C3aR-, and LTB4R-mediated calcium mobilization.
C5aR2 activation downregulates TLRs 3, 4, 7, Mincle-, and STING-mediated cytokines.
IFNs Drive Development of Novel IL-15–Responsive Macrophages
Macrophages expressing CD122 accumulate in the uterus and maternal–fetal interface.
M-CSF and IFNs drive macrophages to express CD122.
IL-15 causes CD122+ macrophages to activate ERK and enhance cytokine production.
Enhanced Expression of Catalase in Mitochondria Modulates NF-κB–Dependent Lung Inflammation through Alteration of Metabolic Activity in Macrophages
Mitochondrial catalase regulates inflammation by altering cellular metabolism.
NAD(H) levels modulate NF-κB activation in macrophages.
Zebrafish phd3 Negatively Regulates Antiviral Responses via Suppression of Irf7 Transactivity Independent of Its Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity
Zebrafish phd3 negatively regulates antiviral responses.
Zebrafish phd3 suppresses irf7 transactivity.
Phd3 suppresses irf7 transactivity independent of its enzymatic activity.
Isoform- and Cell Type–Specific Roles of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 N-Terminal Serine Phosphorylation in Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Active Gsk3 promotes hepatocyte autophagy in response to TNF-α.
Gsk3 N-terminal phosphorylation inhibits macrophage TLR activation.
COX Inhibition Increases Alternaria-Induced Pulmonary Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses and IL-33 Release in Mice
COX inhibition increased Alternaria extract–induced pulmonary ILC2 responses.
COX inhibition promoted Alternaria extract–induced IL-33 release in the lung.
COX inhibition augmented rIL-33–induced pulmonary ILC2 responses.
Production of IL-18 Binding Protein by Radiosensitive and Radioresistant Cells in CpG-Induced Macrophage Activation Syndrome
Both radioresistant and radiosensitive cells produce Il-18bp during CpG-induced MAS.
Il-18bp behaves as Ifn-γ signature gene during CpG-induced MAS.
Elevated circulating levels of Il-18bp prevent systemic effects of Il-18 in MAS.
NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS
The Quantitative Assessment of the Secreted IgG Repertoire after Recall to Evaluate the Quality of Immunizations
Single-cell/Ab resolution characterizes recall with unprecedented resolution.
Recalled IgG-SCs appear fast and, at this early stage, free of naive IgG-SCs.
Recalled IgG-SCs correlated strongly with the IgG-SCs generated during boost.
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Cover Image
Cover Image
On the cover: Section of gills from il4/13a−/− zebrafish stained with H&E showing no morphological changes. Loss of functional IL-4/13A does not affect tissue morphology. Bottiglione, F., C. T. Dee, R. Lea, L. A. H. Zeef, A. P. Badrock, M. Wane, L. Bugeon, M. J. Dallman, J. E. Allen, and A. F. L. Hurlstone. 2020. Zebrafish IL-4–like cytokines and IL-10 suppress inflammation but only IL-10 is essential for gill homeostasis. J. Immunol. 205: 994–1008.
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