Issues
IN MEMORIAM
TOP READS
BRIEF REVIEWS
CXCR5+CD8+ T Cells: A Review of Their Antibody Regulatory Functions and Clinical Correlations
CUTTING EDGE
Cutting Edge: Distinct B Cell Repertoires Characterize Patients with Mild and Severe COVID-19
Mild COVID-19 cases have increased memory B cells 1 mo after symptom onset.
BCR repertoires of mild COVID-19 cases are clonally diverse and mutated.
ALLERGY AND OTHER HYPERSENSITIVITIES
Involvement of Activation of Mast Cells via IgE Signaling and Epithelial Cell–Derived Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Pollen Food Allergy Syndrome in a Murine Model
The activation of mast cells via IgE signaling induces the early phase of PFAS.
IL-33 and TSLP involve the pathogenesis of PFAS.
Our murine model might provide a useful therapeutic platform for PFAS.
AUTOIMMUNITY
Context-Dependent miR-21 Regulation of TLR7-Mediated Autoimmune and Foreign Antigen–Driven Antibody-Forming Cell and Germinal Center Responses
miR-21 has context-dependent effects on AFC and GC responses.
miR-21 promotes TLR7-driven autoimmunity with activation of multiple B cell pathways.
miR-21 is required for optimal B cell responses to T-dependent foreign Ag.
CDCP1 on Dendritic Cells Contributes to the Development of a Model of Kawasaki Disease
CDCP1 is detectable on DCs and its expression is upregulated by CAWS stimulation.
Absence of CDCP1 attenuates cardiac vasculitis in a mouse model of Kawasaki disease.
CLINICAL AND HUMAN IMMUNOLOGY
IL-7 and IL-15 Levels Reflect the Degree of T Cell Depletion during Lymphopenia and Are Associated with an Expansion of Effector Memory T Cells after Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
IL-7 and IL-15 levels reflect the degree of T cell depletion early after HSCT.
Elevated IL-7 and IL-15 are associated with expansion of memory T cells.
Low IL-7 and IL-15 levels are associated with aGvHD in children treated with ATG.
Human Cord Blood B Cells Differ from the Adult Counterpart by Conserved Ig Repertoires and Accelerated Response Dynamics
Human UCB B cells express a variable, interindividually conserved Ig repertoire.
UCB B cells respond efficiently to stimulation, favoring IgA plasma cell fate.
UCB B cells are similar but not identical to murine B-1 cells.
IMMUNE REGULATION
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Glycoprotein D Inhibits NF-κB Activation by Interacting with p65
HSV-2 gD inhibits TNF-α–mediated NF-κB activation.
HSV-2 gD interacts with p65 to inhibit p65 nuclear translocation.
IMMUNOTHERAPY AND VACCINES
Spacer Length Modification Facilitates Discrimination between Normal and Neoplastic Cells and Provides Clinically Relevant CD37 CAR T Cells
Novel anti–CD37CAR-T cells were developed to target another B cell Ag.
Shorter spacer length CAR mediated the attenuated signaling rather than longer spacer CAR.
Optimizing the spacer length minimized fratricide to maintain the antitumor effect.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND HOST RESPONSE
TCR Affinity Controls the Dynamics but Not the Functional Specification of the Antimycobacterial CD4+ T Cell Response
TCR affinity determines the speed and magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response.
IL-12 rather than TCR affinity controls Th1 effector function acquisition.
TCR affinity calibrates cell division to time IL-12Rβ2 upregulation.
Selective Activation of MST1/2 Kinases by Retinoid Agonist Adapalene Abrogates AURKA-Regulated Septic Arthritis
ADA administration prevents host tissue damage and bacterial burden.
ADA differentially inhibits AURKA–WNT signaling with activation of the HIPPO pathway.
HIPPO signaling positively regulates anti-inflammatory genes and resolvins.
Metabolic Defects of Peripheral T Cells in COVID-19 Patients
T cells are increasingly activated and apoptotic during acute COVID-19.
Acutely ill COVID-19 patients display mitochondrial metabolic defects in T cells.
These T cells show impaired metabolic reprogramming upon activation in vitro.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Membrane Protein Interacted with IRF7 to Inhibit Type I IFN Production during Viral Infection
PEDV M protein inhibits type I IFN production.
PEDV M protein interacts with the ID of IRF7 to suppress IRF7 activation.
The 1-55 region of M protein is essential for disruption of IRF7 function.
Identification of a T-bethi Quiescent Exhausted CD8 T Cell Subpopulation That Can Differentiate into TIM3+CX3CR1+ Effectors and Memory-like Cells
CX3CR1+PD-1+ CD8 T cells contain a quiescent subset with progenitor-like features.
TIM3−CX3CR1+ cells are intermediates during a transition of TPEX to CX3CR1+ cells.
TCF-1+TOXlo memory-like cells are derived from CX3CR1+ exhausted CD8 T cells.
Cervicovaginal Tissue Residence Confers a Distinct Differentiation Program upon Memory CD8 T Cells
Human and mouse CVT CD8 T cells share matching phenotypes.
CVT memory CD8 T cells decay faster than their circulating and gut counterparts.
This numerical decline in the CVT is associated with impaired early viral control.
INNATE IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION
ILF3 Is a Negative Transcriptional Regulator of Innate Immune Responses and Myeloid Dendritic Cell Maturation
NF90 and NF110 isoforms of ILF3 restrain monocyte-derived DC maturation.
ILF3 dampens sensing of HIV-1 and other innate immune agonists of TLR7/8 and cGAS.
NF110–ILF3 regulates genes associated with DC maturation and cholesterol homeostasis.
Knockout of MAPK Phosphatase-1 Exaggerates Type I IFN Response during Systemic Escherichia coli Infection
Knockout of Mkp-1 exacerbates cytokine storms during E. coli–induced sepsis.
Mkp-1 restrains IFN-β expression in macrophages by controlling p38 activity.
Blocking type I IFN signaling during E. coli infection exacerbates disease severity.
TRAM-Related TLR4 Pathway Antagonized by IRAK-M Mediates the Expression of Adhesion/Coactivating Molecules on Low-Grade Inflammatory Monocytes
IRAK-M deficiency skews the expansion of low-grade inflammatory Ly6C++ monocytes.
Inflammatory monocytes due to IRAK-M deletion express elevated CD40 and CD11a.
IRAK-M suppresses monocyte inflammatory polarization through inhibiting TRAM.
Oxidation–Dependent Activation of Src Kinase Mediates Epithelial IL-33 Production and Signaling during Acute Airway Allergen Challenge
Epithelial IL-33 secretion involves IL-33 signaling via its ST2 receptor.
IL-33–dependent signaling activates Src kinase and EGFR.
Epithelial IL-33 signaling involves activation of the NADPH oxidase DUOX1.
Surface Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 Drive Airway Epithelial Cells to Induce IFN-Dependent Inflammation
SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins in isolation activate inflammatory responses.
Lung inflammation depends on alveolar epithelial cell type I IFN signaling.
Phosphodiesterase 10A Is a Key Mediator of Lung Inflammation
LPS induces PDE10A upregulation in macrophages in vitro and in lung tissues.
PDE10A regulates MCP-1 production in macrophages.
PDE10A inhibition reduces lung inflammation in mouse models of LPS exposure.
Extracellular Acidity Reprograms Macrophage Metabolism and Innate Responsiveness
Low pHe increases mitochondrial biogenesis and function in macrophages.
Low pHe induces M2-like polarization, reducing immune responsiveness.
These changes are reversible when normal pH is restored.
MOLECULAR AND STRUCTURAL IMMUNOLOGY
Complement Receptor 3 Forms a Compact High-Affinity Complex with iC3b
Complement receptor 3 forms a high-affinity complex with iC3b.
In solution, iC3b appears to have a preferred location of the thioester domain.
The CR3 headpiece molecule is valuable for analysis of receptor–ligand interactions.
MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
Gut Bacteria Induce Granzyme B Expression in Human Colonic ILC3s In Vitro in an IL-15–Dependent Manner
Gut bacteria induce a unique subset of ILC3s expressing granzyme B.
Gut bacteria induce IL-15, which stimulates granzyme B expression in ILC3s.
ILC3s respond to IL-15 via cis and trans presentation during bacteria exposure.
TRANSPLANTATION
Targeting of Deciduous Tooth Pulp Stem Cell–Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Telomerase-Mediated Stem Cell Niche and Immune Regulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic infusion of SHED-EVs ameliorates SLE-like phenotypes in MRL/lpr mice.
SHED-EVs improve hematopoiesis and immunoregulation of recipient BMMSCs.
SHED-EV–impacted BMMSC functions are dependent on rescuing the telomerase activity.
Following Transplantation for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, Donor KIR Cen B02 Better Protects against Relapse than KIR Cen B01
KIR Cen B is associated with protection from relapse following HCT.
KIR Cen B02 provides stronger protection against relapse.
Protection from relapse associates with presence of less inhibitory KIR.
NOVEL IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS
Defining T Cell Subsets in Human Tonsils Using ChipCytometry
ChipCytometry was used for multiplex immunophenotyping of human tonsils.
It is viable for high-content profiling of cell suspensions and tissue sections.
ChipCytometry can identify and localize cell populations and rare cell types.
CORRECTIONS
Correction: Zhx2 Accelerates Sepsis by Promoting Macrophage Glycolysis via Pfkfb3
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Cover Image
Cover Image
On the cover: The human tonsil tissue architecture was characterized using ChipCytometry, an imaging-based multiplex immunophenotyping method. The CD19+ B cell zone (blue) includes a mantle zone (IgD+ naive B cells, magenta) and a germinal center zone (CD10+ B cells, orange). The CD3+ T cell zone (green) includes CD4+ (red) and CD8+ (white) T cells. Hagel, J. P., K. Bennett, F. Buffa, P. Klenerman, C. B. Willberg, and K. Powell. 2021. Defining T cell subsets in human tonsils using ChipCytometry. J. Immunol. 206: 3073–3082.
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