Issues

This Pillars of Immunology article is a commentary on “MHC class II-positive epithelium and mesenchyme cells are both required for T-cell development in the thymus,” a pivotal article written by G. Anderson, E. J. Jenkinson, N. C. Moore, and J. J. Owen, and published in Nature, in 1993 https://www.nature.com/articles/362070a0.

• B cell–derived costimulation facilitates autoimmune GC formation.

• Extrafollicular activation and GCs contribute to lupus autoantibodies.

• Age-associated B cells develop via a GC-independent extrafollicular pathway.

• Utx and Jmjd3 play distinct roles in the development of allergic contact dermatitis.

• Utx-deficient T cells enhance the accumulation of myeloid cells in the lesional skin.

• Utx deficiency decreases the ratio of regulatory T cells to conventional CD4⁺ T cells.

• ERAP1 generates the autoantigen for presentation by HLA-C*06:02 in psoriasis.

• ERAP1 haplotypes control the autoimmune response by different autoantigen yields.

• HLA-C–restricted immune responses may be particularly dependent on ERAP1 function.

• Adhesion molecules are upregulated in inflamed intestinal mucosa in IBD patients.

• Baseline β7 expression does not impact αE induction or gene expression in T cells.

• Phospho-SMAD3 is increased in inflamed mucosa in IBD.

• MHC II ubiquitination impacts dendritic cell numbers and phenotype.

• MHC II ubiquitination is critical for Ag-dependent T cell responses in vivo.

• MHC II ubiquitination is required for Ab responses.

• Protease ADAM10 cleaves the ectodomain of Dscam upon bacterial infection.

• IPO5 binds and translocates Dscam intracellular domains from cytoplasm into nuclei.

• Nuclear imported Dscam regulates hemocytes proliferation.

• UV redistributes T cells from blood to skin-draining lymph nodes by increasing lymph node S1P.

• Sphingosine kinase inhibitors prevent UV increases in lymph node S1P and T cells.

• IL-4 treatment induces a signalosome-independent alternate pathway for BCR signaling.

• Lyn is autophosphorylated after IL-4 treatment in membranes.

• PKCδ is translocated and phosphorylated by Lyn in membranes through the alternate pathway.

• iNOS is an ERGIC/Golgi protein that traffics to the surface of the phagolysosome.

• The SNARE Sec22b indirectly controls the secretion of NO, TNF, and IL-6.

• Sec22b mediates NF-κB translocation thereby regulating iNOS and cytokine expression.

• M1 macrophages from healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients produce IFN-γ.

• LPS stimulation of M1 macrophages significantly enhances their IFN-γ production.

• LPS-induced IFN-γ is regulated by the PI3K-mTOR– and JNK-activated p70S6K.

• Pellino2 mediates TLR9-induced cytokine production in dendritic cells.

• Pellino2 does not play a role in TLR9 signaling in macrophages.

• Pellino2 is a limiting factor for TLR9 signaling in dendritic cells.

• tmTNF overexpression causes formation of ELS.

• ELS are located in BM next to inflammatory joint and spine lesions.

• ELS formation is accompanied by increased IgA class switching.

• LDs of Drosophila fat body become bigger in response to IMD signaling activation.

• IMD signaling suppresses perilipin1 expression, which promotes LDs’ growth.

• Enlarged LDs benefit flies against bacterial infection via an antioxidative role.

• Human M1 macrophages are highly susceptible to SM-induced cell death.

• This cell death is mediated by cIAP-2 and RIPK-1/3 degradation via mTOR activation.

• LAG3 deficiency in dendritic cells is associated with increased glycolysis.

• LAG3 deficiency in dendritic cells enhances naive T cell priming.