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Abbreviations
The abbreviations listed below are used without definition in articles published in The JI. The form may be used for both singular and plural, or made plural with "s" at the author's option. The list of standard abbreviations is published in the first issue of each volume.
| Å, angstrom | kDa, kilodalton (only with numbers) |
| aa, amino acid (only with numbers) | L chain, light chain |
| Ab, antibody | LD50, 50% lethal dose |
| ABTS, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) | LFA, leukocyte (lymphocyte) function-associated Ag |
| ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate | LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor |
| Ag, antigen | LPS, lipopolysaccharide |
| AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | LU, lytic unit |
| AMP, adenosine 5'-monophosphate | 2-ME, 2-mercaptoethanol |
| ANOVA, analysis of variance | mAb, monoclonal Ab |
| AP-1, activator protein 1 | MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting |
| APC, Ag-presenting cell | MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization |
| ATP, adenosine triphosphate | MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight |
| BALB/c, a mouse strain | MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
| BALT, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue | MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| BAPTA-AM, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N' -tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester | MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein |
| BCR, B cell receptor | M-CSF, macrophage CSF |
| bp, base pair (only with numbers) | MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase |
| BrdU, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine | MEM, minimum essential medium |
| BSA, bovine serum albumin | MES, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid |
| C, complement | mg, milligram (only with numbers) |
| C region, constant region of Ig | MHC, major histocompatibility complex |
| cAMP, cyclic AMP | min, minute (only with numbers) |
| C-terminal, carboxyl-terminal or COOH-terminal | MIP, macrophage-inflammatory protein |
| C terminus, carboxyl or COOH terminus | ml, milliliter (only with numbers) |
| CCL, CC chemokine ligand | MLC, mixed lymphocyte culture |
| CCR, CC chemokine receptor | MLR, mixed leukocyte reaction |
| CD40L, CD40 ligand | mo, month(s) (only with numbers) |
| cDNA, complementary DNA | MOPS, 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid |
| CDP, cytidine 5'-diphosphate | Mr, relative molecular mass |
| CDR, complementarity determining region | mRNA, messenger RNA |
| C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein | MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dimethyltetrazolium bromide |
| CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant | μg, microgram (only with numbers) |
| CFSE, 5- (and 6-)carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester | μl, microliter (only with numbers) |
| CFU, colony-forming unit | m.w., molecular weight |
| cGMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate | MyD88, myeloid differentiating factor 88 |
| CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate | n, number in study or group |
| Ci, curie | NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| CIITA, class II transactivator | NADH, reduced NAD |
| CLIP, class II-associated invariant-chain peptide | NaDodSO4, sodium dodecyl sulfate |
| cM, centiMorgan(s) | NADP, NAD phosphate |
| CMP, cytidine 5'-monophosphate | NADPH, NAD phosphate (reduced) |
| CMV, cytomegalovirus | NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium |
| CNS, central nervous system | ND, not determined |
| CoA, coenzyme A | NDP, nucleoside 5'-diphosphate |
| Con A, concanavalin A | NF, nuclear factor |
| CpG, cytosine guanine dinucleotide | NFAT or NF-AT, nuclear factor of activated T cells |
| cpm, counts per minute | NF-κB, nuclear factor κB |
| CREB, cAMP response element binding protein | Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid |
| cRNA, complementary RNA | NK cell, natural killer cell |
| CSF, colony-stimulating factor | NMP, nucleoside 5'-monophosphate |
| CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte | NO, nitric oxide |
| CTLA, cytolytic T lymphocyte-associated Ag | NOD, nonobese diabetic |
| CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate | NS, not significant |
| CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand | nt, nucleotide (only with numbers) |
| CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor | N-terminal, amino-terminal or NH2-terminal |
| d, day(s); deoxy; distilled (as in dH2O) | N terminus, amino terminus or NH2-terminus |
| D region, diversity region of Ig or T cell receptor for Ag | NTP, nucleoside 5'-triphosphate |
| Da, dalton (only with numbers) | OCT, octamer-binding factor |
| DAPI, 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole | OD, optical density |
| DEAE, diethylaminoethyl | OVA, ovalbumin |
| df, degrees of freedom | p, probability |
| DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium | PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
| DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide | PBL, peripheral blood lymphocyte |
| DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid | PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell |
| DNase, deoxyribonuclease | PBS, phosphate-buffered saline |
| DNP, dinitrophenyl | PE, phycoerythrin |
| dpm, disintegrations per minute | PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 |
| ds, double-stranded (as dsDNA) | PerCP, peridinin chlorophyll protein |
| DTT, dithiothreitol | PFU, plaque-forming unit |
| E, erythrocyte | PG, prostaglandin |
| EBV, Epstein-Barr virus | PHA, phytohemagglutinin |
| EC50, 50% effective concentration | PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
| ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence | PIPES, piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethane sulfonic acid) |
| ED50, 50% effective dose | PMA, phorbol myristate acetate |
| EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride |
| EGTA, ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoethyl ester)-N,N,N',N'- tetraacetic acid | PWM, pokeweed mitogen |
| ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | r, recombinant, (e.g., rIFN-γ) |
| ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunospot | R, receptor (e.g., IL-2R) |
| EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay | RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA end |
| ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase | RAG, recombination-activating gene |
| E:T ratio, effector to target ratio | RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted |
| Fab, Ag-binding fragment | RBC, red blood cell |
| F-actin, filamentous actin | RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism |
| FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting | RIA, radioimmunoassay |
| FAM, 6-carboxyfluorescein | RNA, ribonucleic acid |
| FBS, fetal bovine serum | RNase, ribonuclease |
| FcR, Fc receptors (e.g., FcgRI) | rpm, revolutions per minute |
| FCS, fetal calf serum | RPMI (usually RPMI 1640) |
| FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate | rRNA, ribosomal RNA |
| FLICE, Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1Β-converting enzyme | RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction |
| FLIP, FLICE inhibitory protein | s, second (use only with numbers) |
| FLT3, fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 | s.c., subcutaneous |
| fMLF, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine | SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency |
| fura 2-AM, fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester | SD, standard deviation |
| g, gram (only with numbers) | SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate |
| GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue | SE, standard error |
| GAPDH or G3PDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | SEM, standard error of the mean |
| G-CSF, granulocyte CSF | SHIP, src homology 2-containing inositol 5' phosphatase |
| GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate | SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus |
| GFP, green fluorescent protein | sp. act., specific activity |
| GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage CSF | SRBC, sheep red blood cell |
| GMP, guanosine 5'-monophosphate | ss, single-stranded (e.g., ssDNA) |
| gp, glycoprotein (e.g., gp100) | SSC, standard saline citrate |
| GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol | STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription |
| GST, glutathione S-transferase | SV40, simian virus 40 |
| GTP, guanosine 5'-triphosphate | t1/2, half-life, half-time |
| h, hour (only with numbers) | TAMRA, 5-(and 6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine |
| H chain, heavy chain | TAP, transporter associated with Ag processing |
| H&E, hematoxylin and eosin | TBS, Tris-buffered saline |
| HBSS, Hanks' balanced salt solution | TBST, TBS with Tween 20 |
| HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid | TCA, trichloroacetic acid |
| HIV, human immunodeficiency virus | TCR, T cell receptor for Ag |
| HLA, human histocompatibility leukocyte Ag | TDP, thymidine 5'-diphosphate |
| HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography | TdT, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase |
| HRP, horseradish peroxidase | TGF, transforming growth factor |
| HSV, herpes simplex virus | Th cell, T helper cell |
| HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell | TLC, thin layer chromatography |
| IC50, 50% inhibition/inhibitory concentration | TLR, Toll-like receptor |
| ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule | TMP, thymidine 5'-monophosphate |
| ICOS, inducible costimulator | TNF, tumor necrosis factor |
| Id, idiotype; idiotypic determinant | TNP, trinitrophenyl |
| ID50, 50% infective dose or 50% inhibiting dose | TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand |
| IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase | Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane |
| IFA, incomplete Freund's adjuvant | tRNA, transfer RNA |
| IFN, interferon (e.g., IFN-γ) | TTP, thymidine 5'-triphosphate |
| Ig, immunoglobulin (also IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) | TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling |
| IgH, Ig heavy chain | U, unit (only with numbers) |
| IκB or I-κB, inhibitory NF-κB | UDP, uridine 5'-diphosphate |
| IL, interleukin (e.g., IL-2) | UMP, uridine 5'-monophosphate |
| i.m., intramuscular | UTP, uridine 5'-triphosphate |
| IMDM, Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium | UV, ultraviolet |
| IMEM, Iscove's minimal essential medium | v/v, volume to volume ratio (%) |
| i.p., intraperitoneal | v/w, volume to weight ratio (%) |
| ITAM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif | V region, variable region of Ig |
| ITIM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif | VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule |
| IU, international unit | V(D)J or VDJ, variable diversity joining |
| i.v., intravenous | VLA, very late activation Ag |
| J region, joining region of Ig or T cell receptor for Ag | W, watt (only with numbers) |
| JAK or Jak, Janus kinase | WBC, white blood cell |
| JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase | WEHI medium |
| kb, kilobase (only with numbers) | wk, week (only with numbers) |
| kbp, kilobase pair (only with numbers) | xid, X-linked immunodeficiency |
| Ka, association constant | ZAP70, ζ-associated protein 70 (or ζ-chain-associated protein 70) |
| Kd, distribution coefficient; dissociation constant | |
| KD, affinity constant |
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